Monthly Archives: April 2022

Node Economy PT. 1 (A Solution to Keep the American Economy Vibrant)

Emerging Technologies, Entrepreneurial Approaches

This is the first of a two-part series on using a more structured system to use the benefits of space R&D to reinvigorate the economy. This is The Hamilton Institute’s proposal to prevent shocks to the economy which cause severe disruption to the politics and further enrage the population. The tax plan that the Hamilton Institute has developed with a fundamental restructuring of the U.S.economy will help to do wonders to help reemploy an eager population who wants to start enjoying life again. A functional and firey government that could solve and invests in the country will help ease the uncertainty in the country right now. The top issues and complaints of the voters in America can be attributed to a dysfunctional congress and senate.

This article is going to go into the economy but also explains how the U.S.’s first-past-the-post system affects the political environment. When parties have a scorched earth policy and start cutting out policies of the opposing party they have defeated. Yes, you scored a short-term victory but you are setting the road up for major issues to develop and not be resolved. I’m not arguing for a change to the system but having reforms and updates but also for voters to understand that our strength in a democracy is each other. Nothing is ever going to change unless the declining tech cluster and unproven tech clusters will never move past the point of just political saber-rattling.

The bickering between America’s top two parties causes damage to not only its citizens but also to the cause of Democracy which in the essence is the concept of one man one vote. A western competitor to the Authoritarian systems of the strong man of many countries on the planet can be defeated. Our system can win by simply having America the most prosperous and freest society on the planet. This Country is the number one place for immigrants, number one economy, number one in tech, number one in culture, and number one in living standards. It can get better which requires a generation of leaders who understands the old way of doing politics, business, and life has long been done.

Understanding the second coming of the Space Age will help my and future generations thinking to execute decisions compared to the old industrial hydrocarbon debates of the past. I’m calling for the VC system to be augmented to have a multi-hub network to help revitalize mega-regions which throw out the old politics of the 1960s where the city and state holds sway over mega-regions that have huge populations and issues to be solved. Nasa and national labs are the nodes and the VCs, Family Offices, Angel Investors, and Private Equity are the hub and constituents, with Government Statistics and data as signals. Workers will be the connections that whenever the training, demographics, or new opportunities appear can be used to gauge and/or adjust to help keep the economy vibrant.

We must, indeed, all hang together or, most assuredly, we shall all hang separately.

Benjamin Franklin

Now for the politics which is always easier said than done when dealing with day-to-day politics. I’m going to say that having a bipartisan mentality when the economy is fueling the divide where you have rent-seeking from establishment players who come from declining sectors and you have political noise from new technologies who have not yet proven their reliability in proving power consistency. This system that we call for will help develop and redevelop forgotten areas of America. Bipartisan is not only national security issue but an economic case too.

The reason why a lot of other countries don’t have certain problems with politics is that they have a proportional representation system where if the election is lost for the incumbent party and they lose big. They still have some representation for their constitutions and in the government. In America, the losing party is out of power completely which put huge voting blocks out for favor in the eyes of the opposite party. I’m not calling for a change to this system because the U.S. has something to resolve this and it’s called bipartisanship. At the end of the day if certain pieces of the minority party have some items they could still take care of fellow citizens and it helps democracy’s image in this war-torn world.

With a focus on Megaregions in America and the world instead of cities and states. We can pass the policies to really create the change and create a friendly environment that the public, businesses, and politicians on both sides of the spectrum will love to have in the country right now. Increasing the budgets of NASA (the largest I’m calling for), DOD, HHS, and CDC with basic research and R&D will make these clusters sustainable and not subject to offshoring.

Here are more details on the full 29 mega-regions.

Mega-Region Cities Population (millions) Economic Output (billions)
Bos-Wash New York; Washington, D.C.; Boston 47.6 $3,650
Par-Am-Mun Paris, Amsterdam, Brussels, Munich 43.5 $2,505
Chi-Pitts Chicago, Detroit, Cleveland, Pittsburgh 32.9 $2,130
Greater Tokyo Tokyo 39.1 $1,800
SoCal Los Angeles, San Diego 22.0 $1,424
Seoul-San Seoul, Busan 35.5 $1,325
Texas Triangle Dallas, Houston, San Antonio, Austin 18.4 $1,227
Beijing Beijing, Tianjin 37.4 $1,226
Lon-Leed-Chester London, Leeds, Manchester 22.6 $1,177
Hong-Shen Hong Kong, Shenzhen 19.5 $1,043
NorCal San Francisco, San Jose 10.8 $925
Shanghai Shanghai, Hangzhou 24.2 $892
Taipei Taipei 16.7 $827
São Paolo São Paolo 33.5 $780
Char-Lanta Charlotte, Atlanta 10.5 $656
Cascadia Seattle, Portland 8.8 $627
Ista-Burs Istanbul, Bursa 14.8 $626
Vienna-Budapest Vienna, Budapest 12.8 $555
Mexico City Mexico City 24.5 $524
Rome-Mil-Tur Rome, Milan, Turin 13.8 $513
Singa-Lumpur Singapore, Kuala Lumpur 12.7 $493
Cairo-Aviv Cairo, Tel Aviv 19.8 $472
So-Flo Miami, Tampa 9.1 $470
Abu-Dubai Abu Dhabi, Dubai 5.0 $431
Osaka-Nagoya Osaka, Nagoya 9.1 $424
Tor-Buff-Chester Toronto, Buffalo, Rochester 8.5 $424
Delhi-Lahore New Delhi, Lahore 27.9 $417
Barcelona-Lyon Barcelona, Lyon 7.0 $323
Shandong Jinan, Zibo, Dongying 14.2 $249

Richard, Florida. “The Real Powerhouses That Drive the World’s Economy” Bloomberg, https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-02-28/mapping-the-mega-regions-powering-the-world-s-economy

Let’s get this started and bring the right course change that is needed for humanity right now.

https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-02-28/mapping-the-mega-regions-powering-the-world-s-economy

https://www.lincolninst.edu/publications/articles/2020-04-covid-19-pandemic-makes-case-for-megaregions

https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2022/02/16/publics-top-priority-for-2022-strengthening-the-nations-economy/pp_2022-02-16_priorities_0-01/

https://www.encyclopedia.com/social-sciences/applied-and-social-sciences-magazines/first-past-post

https://technology.nasa.gov/

https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-invests-105-million-in-us-small-business-technology-development

https://www.nasa.gov/directorates/spacetech/Winning_Technologies_Benefit_NASA

https://www.nasa.gov/directorates/spacetech/Rolling_Out_a_Path_to_Future_Space_Travel

Founding Purpose: “We the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity.”

The mechanism for achieving this goal is Capitalism and Democracy

Oh Jesus, just buy Russia goddamn it already!!! (Shit Fuck)

Intel, The Politics of Wealth

It’s time to bring Russia into the U.S. as an equal partner and it will help stabilize the planet for business, politics, and global security. We have seen decades upon decades of fierce and bloody competition between two superpowers but with the Ukraine situation, it’s time for another mindset of thinking. I’m not justifying or excusing the atrocities of war crimes but if we use the TRC of South Africa could help with de-escalation. The reason why the Hamilton Institute is concerned is the massive economic and financial shocks from collaborative sanctions placed on Russia which cause the Government to place internal problems on an external force instead of Grafh, Corruption, reducing red tape, reforms, and firing incompetent officials. It will prolong the conflict instead of reducing it while building up the underground economy particularly cyber and counterfeiting of US currency and products.

Just buying Russia will solve so many problems in the world and the saying about Russia being “nukes, gooks(spies and scientists), and women.” This will bring so many benefits to both countries plus help with the declining population rate with a possible airlift of young men and women to the US so they could either marry each other (Russian Couples) or help raise the majority population declining demographics with will bring the craziness out of the current political debates right now. The Benefits of adding Russia to the US besides nukes, gooks, and women will be discussed later in the article.

Besides the usually offensive and defensive realism between the two former industrial cold war rivals but the serious ratching up by the Russians can ideologically be tied to when the decision to place Stalinism on the same level as Nazism which stunned Russia which received the brunt of the Nazi aggression which saw huge numbers of its population, industrial centers, and cities simply obliterated. Imagine these cities Detroit, New York, San Francisco at the height of WWII (not the hollowed-out skeletons today) moving to the middle of the country to escape the onslaught. This was Operation Barbarossa which brought out ever more casualties to an already war-torn country.

MBIC Moscow

Russia being added to the US economy is an extra 1.71 Trillion dollars added to the U.S. economy. Mergers and Acquisitions between the corporate sector, the net gain for the U.S. Defense Sector by simply absorbing the military assets, and scientific gains by the purchase will foretell benefits thousands of times over and over. Debra Decker at Defense One points out the common interest between the U.S. and Russia. Two areas stand out for consideration. Iran and North Korea are two major global security issues plus the traditional concern of Nuclear issues stemming from the cold war conflict. The one that stand out to me are:

New Areas for Cooperation

Issue: Nuclear attribution. If you think relations are rocky now, consider how things would slide if a nuclear or radiological event occurred, and one country accused the other of purposely or inadvertently losing control of its dangerous materials. The IAEA has established some good forensics practices, but there are few political mechanisms for agreeing on attribution outside the IAEA safeguards process. In the chemical-weapons area, where we have a Chemical Weapons Convention, we have seen the attribution challenges in Syria. We have also seen the diplomatic fallout as a nerve agent poisoning case has continued to plague a small British community, with questions about the formal attribution process.

Approach: The U.S. and Russia can establish a joint study group of scientists and policy experts to explore the political and scientific lessons learned from past inspections for alleged violations under international conventions and safeguards agreements. The group could also review new attribution approaches, such as the French one for chemical attribution, and recommend process steps that go further than existing IAEA guidance.

Issue: New challenges are emerging from the broader uses of outer space to the cybersecurity of nuclear weapons and of facilities, with the Department of Homeland Security revealing new information on Russian cyber intrusions into U.S. critical infrastructure, including nuclear power plants. Disruptive technologies such as additive manufacturing challenge traditional export control mechanisms for controlling proliferation while cryptocurrencies challenge controls over the financing of illicit transfers.

Approach: Establishing joint expert groups of to consider some of these challenging areas would help in moving us toward developing agreed norms of behavior that could help avoid future deadly conflicts. Other countries are already moving forward fast in some areas, such as space issues and anti-satellite weaponry. Discussions including former military officials, experts and diplomats are needed, with NTI being a good example of one taking the lead in the area of weapon cybersecurity.

Decker, Debra. “The US and Russia Have Plenty of Areas for Cooperation. Let’s Get to Work.” Defense One, https://www.defenseone.com/ideas/2018/07/us-and-russia-have-plenty-areas-cooperation-lets-get-work/149996/

Let’s heal the planet, advance humanity, have babies, and start to enjoy our beautiful species instead of destroying each other! This is so much better than what’s going on because it’s so sad and depressing, especially after the Covid lockdowns which stopped at least 2 years of people’s live but for some, it was even more.

https://markets.businessinsider.com/news/stocks/imf-economy-outlook-forecast-global-russia-ukraine-war-projection-commodities-2022-4

https://markets.businessinsider.com/news/stocks/putin-decree-russian-billionaires-tycoons-foreign-stock-listings-ukraine-2022-4

https://www.visualcapitalist.com/shifting-perspectives-the-top-financial-centers-in-the-world/

https://www.defenseone.com/ideas/2018/07/us-and-russia-have-plenty-areas-cooperation-lets-get-work/149996/

Founding Purpose: “We the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity.”

The mechanism for achieving this goal is Capitalism and Democracy

Carbon Fraction PT. 2 (Fire Ice, Carbon, Methane, and Hybrid Gases to energize and fuel the economy)

Emerging Technologies, Entrepreneurial Approaches

This is the second part of the Pro Carbon Fraction article on transitioning the planet to a new age where we have shifted from the Holocene to a fuller version of the Anthropocene. We could adjust the amount of Carbon to help heat or cool the planet which is great for business, politics, and survivability. A collaborative effort by U.S./Western Free market Institutions and the Government could create a counter to the state-led energy majors in OPEC. The U.S. can lead in this by using its massive Scientific leadership to find a so-called “point of no return” where we could have guardrails on the lowest/highest amount of Carbon ppm in the atmosphere of the planet. Immediate action on making Carbon and Methane integral to the economy will make remediation for future generations.

Let’s talk first about Fire Ice which is a potential game-changer but it’s very compatible with Carbon. The lifespan of Methane is 9.1 years in our atmosphere before it escapes into space. This helps where when CCS begins where we could actually adjust the Carbon we pull from the air for our economy for manufacturing, sequestered, or allocation. The article highlighted in the point of no return link above shows that the flywheel effect with the oceans and carbon would provide some leeway in keeping the planet in the Goldilocks Zone where it’s not too hot or too cold for life on the planet.

Methane being put into the atmosphere while pulling out Carbon to be allocated in a market setting like the CME with the inclusion of Scientists creates a great framework for future partnerships for major geo projects. Let’s dive further deeper into Fire Ice:

“Methane hydrates or ‘fire-ice’ is a globally distributed fossil fuel. It is composed of methane trapped inside a lattice of water molecules, which forms a white, energy-dense substance that can be easily ignited, like solid ethanol. The hydrates form at relatively shallow sub-surface depths, in high pressure and low temperature environments, typical of outer continental margins and permafrost areas. Once the substance is heated and depressurised to normal conditions, 1cm of hydrates equates to ~164cm of regular natural gas. The gas consists of 80-99.9% methane and produces much less pollution than coal and oil when burned – estimates suggest that natural gas emits just 60% of the carbon emissions generated by coal, and 80% of the emissions generated by oil.”

Latham, Toya. “METHANE HYDRATES: IS ‘FIRE-ICE’ THE NEXT ENERGY REVOLUTION?.” Enverus, https://www.enverus.com/blog/methane-hydrates-fire-ice-next-energy-revolution/#:~:text=Methane%20hydrates%20or%20’fire%2Dice,easily%20ignited%2C%20like%20solid%20ethanol.

In the flywheel effect, the temperature of the oceans, Carbon is processed by either being left to float in the atmosphere or pulled for later allocation within the economy. This is our future and we need to embrace it by preparing the necessary investments. This could also begin to build the foundation of our evolving capitalism to employ millions of eager Western workers. This should help to bring back trust and confidence into the institutions that have seen massive distrust from populations they are determined to help and protect. This will absorb excess by-products while creating capital market opportunities for the public, the government for taxation, and corporations who want a chance to capitalize on business openings.

Now we could use the NOAA National Weather Service to get a pinpoint place to begin to allocate the Carbon in the Atmosphere by the season and find a “normal” pathway depending on Summer (Max Carbon pulled, Methane steady), Spring (Carbon pulled but on the smaller end, Methane steady) Winter (Min Carbon pulled, Methane Accelerated), and Autumn (mid-level Carbon pulled, Methane adjusted on climate data atm). I could see an NOAA and IPCC working together to provide accurate information to the industries, suppliers, and policymakers to have stability in the climate intergered economy.

“Officially, the current epoch is called the Holocene, which began 11,700 years ago after the last major ice age. However, the Anthropocene Epoch is an unofficial unit of geologic time, used to describe the most recent period in Earth’s history when human activity started to have a significant impact on the planet’s climate and ecosystems. The word Anthropocene is derived from the Greek words anthropo, for “man,” and cene for “new,” coined and made popular by biologist Eugene Stormer and chemist Paul Crutzen in 2000.

Scientists still debate whether the Anthropocene is different from the Holocene, and the term has not been formally adopted by the International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS), the international organization that names and defines epochs.”

National Geographic Editors. “Anthropocene” National Geographic Encyclopedia, https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/anthropocene/

This is great because this is the rumbling of the start of moving towards a Type 1 Civilization where we begin to craft the planet’s energy to support our existence. This is our ultimate destination where the U.S. will lead us to abundance and posterity.

https://www.enverus.com/blog/methane-hydrates-fire-ice-next-energy-revolution/#:~:text=Methane%20hydrates%20or%20’fire%2Dice,easily%20ignited%2C%20like%20solid%20ethanol.

https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/anthropocene/

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.349.6245.246-a#:~:text=Anthropocene%20seems%20a%20more%20reasonable,spotty%20human%20impact%20on%20Earth.

https://www.nbcnews.com/sciencemain/what-defines-end-summer-its-just-how-our-planet-tilted-4b11221602

https://www.nationalgeographic.org/activity/the-reason-for-the-seasons/

https://www.nbcnews.com/sciencemain/what-defines-end-summer-its-just-how-our-planet-tilted-4b11221602

https://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2000/interplanetaryseasons

Fire Ice

https://www.popularmechanics.com/science/energy/a8775/demystifying-fire-ice-methane-hydrates-explained-15239296/

https://asia.nikkei.com/Spotlight/Environment/Climate-Change/Japan-eyes-undersea-fire-ice-as-source-of-clean-burning-hydrogen

https://netl.doe.gov/node/9721

https://energypost.eu/story-ice-fire-methane-hydrates-change-world/

Founding Purpose: “We the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity.”

The mechanism for achieving this goal is Capitalism and Democracy

Brent Carbon Price/WTI Carbon Price – A Way To Tax and Allocate Carbon

Banking, Emerging Technologies

 

This is the second part of the previous article on APM and hopefully, it helps to build a foundation for creating a global framework toward a carbon capital markets regime. This financial underpinning in America’s institutions includes taxing, platform placement, suppliers, and beneficiaries. I’m very happy and optimistic about the future of the planet but especially as I see the U.S.’s role in creating this beautiful reality. Once carbon is securitized and traded in terms of a commodity instead of the fatalism of the Climate Question will become more positive. It will shift to market-based long-term planning in terms of manufacturing than a short-term emotional politically deceived debate.

I had a tough couple of weeks of wondering how to even address the problem and where the look to begin with. I went back to the source of the previous article and I began to say “Hey, the best way to start is the basis of the article. CARBON CARBON CCCAAARRBBBOOONNNN! So to begin how about the measurement should be at the atomic level. Let’s start by measuring the amount carbon in a barrel of crude oil.”

I’m not a scientist or have a deep understanding of the science so I stumbled on a great blog by Jim Bliss on Carbon measurement. His blog post helped clarify how to begin developing a globally acceptable thus traded market. He broke down what is lost on the carbon debate which I argue should be put on the CME trading market. When you begin to measure on the atomic level it really helps to craft an understanding of the issue.  You need to see how they also begin to add to your thinking that the US and the World have different standards of measuring which causes uncertainty in the markets, particularly with the C-Suite.  Read the citation on the blog post below to understand why the industry fights this but this should help answer.

CO2 EMISSIONS

Petrol:
1 litre: 2.331kg of CO2
1 US gallon: 8.824kg of CO2

Diesel:
1 litre: 2.772kg of CO2
1 US gallon: 10.493kg of CO2

Crude oil:
1 barrel: 317kg of CO2 (min.)

1 TONNE OF CO2 IS:

429 litres / 113.33 gal of petrol*
360.75 litres / 95.3 gal of diesel
3.15 barrels of crude oil

* less than 8 fills of an average-sized car with a 55 litre tank

1. Gasoline: 44.1% (70.12 litres)
2. Distillate fuel oil: 20.8% (33.07 litres)
3. Kerosene-type jet fuel: 9.3% (14.79 litres)
4. Residual fuel oil: 5.2% (8.27 litres)**

Percentage values from Riegel’s Handbook of Industrial Chemistry, 2003 edition (Page 515, Fig. 15.6). Litre values based upon conversion rate of 159 litres per barrel.

All of the other products*** of refined crude have sufficient alternative uses to make it possible (even if not entirely probable) that they will not end up as atmospheric CO2. Of the four grades of fuel listed above, however, it’s fair to say all of it is destined to be burnt. It’s worth noting, therefore, that our final result will represent a minimum CO2 per barrel.

Now, the litre values are no good to us by themselves. Each of the fuels has a different specific gravity (a different weight per litre), and it’s the weight of carbon we’re looking for, not the volume. Once we’ve multiplied the volume of each fuel by the relevant specific gravity we’ll have a rough “kilogram per barrel” number for each fuel. So:

1. Gasoline: 70.12 litres x 0.74 = 51.89kg
2. Distillate fuel oil: 33.07 litres x 0.88 = 29.10kg
3. Kerosene-type jet fuel: 14.79 litres x 0.82 = 12.13kg
4. Residual fuel oil: 8.27 litres x 0.92 = 7.61kg****

Overall, this suggests that the average barrel of crude refined in the United States in 1995 yielded a shade over 100kg of liquid fuels (that’s an uncannily round number… 100.73kg to be exact). Now, we know that a carbon-based fuel will emit 3.15 times its own weight in CO2 when burnt.

Bliss, Jim. “Carbon dioxide emissions per barrel of crude.” The Quiet Road, http://numero57.net/2008/03/20/carbon-dioxide-emissions-per-barrel-of-crude/

This was great and I wanted to post a previous post by him:

“I then took that 317kg (which was the primary goal of my work, as it’s a useful reference figure) and applied it to a specific real-world project. In this case, the Peterhead / Miller Field carbon capture scheme proposed by BP. According to the BP press release:

Injecting the carbon dioxide into the Miller Field reservoir more than three kilometers under the seabed could extend the life of the field by about 20 years and enable additional production of about 40 million barrels of oil that are not currently recoverable.BP | Industrial-scale decarbonized fuels project

And in the following paragraph:

The project would also permanently store 1.3 million tonnes of carbon dioxide, the equivalent of removing 300,000 cars from the roads.

BP | Industrial-scale decarbonized fuels project

Based upon these figures, provided by BP, it is clear that the 40 million barrels of oil will generate (multiply by 317kg) approximately 12.68 million tonnes of CO2. Which clearly dwarfs the 1.3 million tonnes that BP claims will be stored.”

Bliss, Jim. “Oil Companies and Climate Change Redux..” The Quiet Road, http://numero57.net/2008/03/20/oil-companies-and-climate-change-redux/

Now we got something to look at with a figure to start: 317kg of CO2. Now we could say that a “Barrel” of carbon is equivalent to the above measurement and with the push in the globe into carbon capture. With CCS (Carbon Capture and Sequestration) technology it can be a commodity like wood, titanium, steel, and of course Oil. Now industries on both sides of the Atlantic could adjust and make long-term business planning now that carbon will not be a politically no-winner causing backlash.

Now the premise of the article which could have a stabilizing effect on the market is the creation of the WTI/Brent Oil and Carbon Index.

1 barrel of crude oil is: 42 gallons/158.987 liters

1 barrel of carbon is: 317kg of CO2

Now we could get into the breakdown of the difference between the WTI vs Brent price index. The security of the US market vs the Brent which includes the Middle East, European, and African oil producers, which are usually state players. If you are watching the news right now then you’ll understand why the brent is high because of the major geopolitically headwinds in the world. WTI will always be a secure source of oil/carbon because it is in the Continental US and the Americas. Brent has a range of security issues which is always a security dilemma for the US which in turn must use its military in order to keep the free flow of the world’s energy.

If you attach the oil and carbon intertwined simultaneously it could help with first the price which a trader can buy and then the option is there for an Oil prime (Carbon included) or Oil sweet (Carbon Excluded) contract. The trader, institution, or Major Carbon emitters can buy the contracts with the tax plan that the Hamilton Institute is calling for it. Is included and used to CCS, advance technology to pull the carbon out of the atmosphere to be manufactured into products, and advance America’s economic, scientific, and military might.

This is completely different from the carbon credit regime in place where a contract is bought and later sold for profit. This proposal that is laid out is completely different than the latter. This version calls for carbon to be put into the financial markets and used in the taxation and allocation in the Western Economy.

“Let’s roll” – Todd Beamer

343 – The number of firefighters killed on 9/11.

https://www.theguardian.com/sustainable-business/2017/jul/10/100-fossil-fuel-companies-investors-responsible-71-global-emissions-cdp-study-climate-change

https://peri.umass.edu/greenhouse-100-polluters-index-current

https://ycharts.com/indicators/brent_wti_spread

https://www.investopedia.com/ask/answers/052615/what-difference-between-brent-crude-and-west-texas-intermediate.asp

https://www.thebalance.com/crude-oil-brent-versus-wti-808872#:~:text=WTI%20is%20the%20benchmark%20crude%20for%20North%20America.&text=Brent%20crude%20oil%20futures%20trade,use%20them%20in%20different%20manners.

http://www.differencebetween.net/object/difference-between-wti-and-brent/

Founding Purpose: “We the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity.”

The mechanism for achieving this goal is Capitalism and Democracy